The GC bibliography

the Garbage Collection Bibliography

The bibliography is available in BibTeX format (including abstracts for many entries), or as PDF or in a series of web pages

I would be most grateful to receive additions, corrections and URLs of electronically available papers.

Last updated 1 October 2024.

A

[abdu93] Saleh E. Abdullah and E.J.A. Edemenang. A comparative study of dynamic memory management techniques. Advances in Modelling and Analysis, 15(2):17-31, 1993.

[abdu92a] Saleh E. Abdullah. Managing computer memory: Dynamic allocation and deallocation strategies. In 2nd Conference on Information Technology and its Applications, pages 25-40, Leicester, December 1992.

[abdu94] Saleh E. Abdullah. Recycling garbage. In 3rd Conference on Information Technology and its Applications, pages 192-197, Leicester, April 1994.

[abdu92] Saleh E. Abdullahi, Eliot E. Miranda, and Graem A. Ringwood. Distributed garbage collection. In Bekkers and Cohen [IWMM92], 1992, pages 43-81. Available here.

[abdu96] Saleh E. Abdullahi and Graem A. Ringwood. Empirical studies of distributed garbage collection: Parts I, II and III. Technical report, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, 1996.

[abdu96a] Saleh E. Abdullahi and Graem A. Ringwood. Garbage collecting the Internet. Technical report, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, 1996? Draft version of [abdu98].

[abdu98] Saleh E. Abdullahi and Graem A. Ringwood. Garbage collecting the Internet: a survey of distributed garbage collection. ACM Computing Surveys, 30(3):330-373, September 1998. Available here.

[abdu95] Saleh E. Abdullahi. Empirical Studies of Distributed Garbage Collection. PhD thesis, Queen Mary and Westfield College, December 1995. Available here.

[abe16] Tatsuya Abe, Tomoharu Ugawa, Toshiyuki Maeda1, and Kousuke Matsumoto. Reducing state explosion for software model checking with relaxed memory consistency models. arXiv:1608.05893, August 2016.

[abel96] Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. MIT Press, second edition, 1996.

[abhi16] Abhinav and Rupesh Nasre. FastCollect: Offloading generational garbage collection to integrated GPUs. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems (CASES'16), Pittsburgh, PA, 2016. ACM Press. Available here.

[abra87] Santosh G. Abraham and Janak H. Patel. Parallel garbage collection on a virtual memory system. In ICPP 1987 [ICPP87], 1987, pages 243-246. Also technical report CSRD 620, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Center for Supercomputing Research and Development.

[abra67] John Abramowich. Storage allocation in a certain iterative process. Communications of the ACM, 10(6):368-370, June 1967.

[abua04] Diab Abuaiadh, Yoav Ossia, Erez Petrank, and Uri Silbershtein. An efficient parallel heap compaction algorithm. In OOPSLA 2004 [OOPSLA04], 2004, pages 224-236. Available here.

[acar06] Umut A. Acar, Guy E. Blelloch, M. Blume, and K. Tangwongsan. An experimental analysis of self-adjusting computation. In Schwartzbach and Ball [PLDI06], 2006, pages 96-107. Available here.

[acar16] Umut A. Acar, Guy E. Blelloch, Matthew Fluet, Stefan K. Muller, and Ram Raghunathan. Coupling memory and computation for locality management. In Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL), volume 32 of Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), pages 1-14. Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2015. Available here.

[acce86] M. Accetta, R. Baron, W. Bolosky, D. Golub, R. Rashid, A. Tevanian, and M. Young. Mach: A new kernel foundation for Unix development. In Usenix Summer Conference. USENIX Association, July 1986.

[adit94] Shail Aditya, Christine Flood, and James Hicks. Garbage collection for strongly-typed languages using run-time type reconstruction. In LFP 1994 [LFP94], 1994, pages 12-23. Available here.

[adji96] Cédric Adjih. Mesure et caractérisation d'applications réparties. Master's thesis, Université Paris Sud, 1996.

[adl04] Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai, Richard L. Hudson, Mauricio J. Serrano, and Sreenivas Subramoney. Prefetch injection based on hardware monitoring and object metadata. In Pugh and Chambers [PLDI04], 2004, pages 267-276. Available here.

[adl98] Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatai, Michal Cierniak, Guei-Yuan Leuh, Vihesh M. Parikh, and James M. Stichnoth. Fast effective code generation in a Just-In-Time Java compiler. In PLDI 1998 [PLDI98], 1998, pages 280-290. Available here.

[adve95] Sarita V. Adve and Kourosh Gharachorloo. Shared memory consistency models: A tutorial. WRL Research Report 95/7, Digital Western Research Laboratory, September 1995. Available here.

[adve96] Sarita V. Adve and Kourosh Gharachorloo. Shared memory consistency models: A tutorial. IEEE Computer, 29(12):66-76, December 1996. Available here.

[aert81] J.P.H. Aerts. Implementing SASL without garbage collection. EUT Report 81-WSK-05, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1981.

[afta08] Edward Aftandilian and Samuel Guyer. GC assertions: Using the garbage collector to check heap properties. In Berger and Chen [MSPC08], 2008, pages 36-40. Available here.

[afta09] Edward Aftandilian and Samuel Guyer. GC assertions: Using the garbage collector to check heap properties. In PLDI 2009 [PLDI09], 2009, pages 235-244. Available here.

[agar06] Kartik Agaram, Steve Keckler, Calvin Lin, and Kathryn McKinley. Decomposing memory performance: Data structures and phases. In Petrank and Moss [ISMM06], 2006, pages 95-103. Available here.

[agar88] Anant Agarwal, Mark Horowitz, and John Hennessy. Cache performance of operating systems and multiprogramming workloads. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 6(4):393-431, November 1988.

[agar87] Anant Agarwal. Analysis of Cache Performance for Operating Systems and Multiprogramming. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, May 1987. Available as Technical Report CSL-TR-87-332.

[ages98] Ole Agesen, David Detlefs, and J. Eliot B. Moss. Garbage collection and local variable type-precision and liveness in Java virtual machines. In PLDI 1998 [PLDI98], 1998, pages 269-279. Available here.

[ages97] Ole Agesen and David Detlefs. Finding references in Java stacks. In Dickman and Wilson [OOPSLA97-gc], 1997. Available here.

[ages00] Ole Agesen and Alex Garthwaite. Efficient object sampling via weak references. In Chambers and Hosking [ISMM2000], 2000, pages 121-136. Available here.

[ages98a] Ole Agesen. GC points in a threaded environment. Technical Report SMLI TR-98-70, Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, 1998. Available here.

[ages99] Ole Agesen. Space and time-efficient hashing of garbage-collected objects. Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 5(2):119-124, April 1999. Available here.

[agga02] Aneesh Aggarwal. Software caching vs. prefetching.In Boehm and Detlefs [ISMM02], 2002, pages 157-162. Available here.

[aggo90] A. Aggoun and N. Beldiceanu. Time stamps techniques for the trailed data in constraint logic programming systems. In Séminaire de Programmation Logique de Trégastel, CNET, France, pages 487-509, 1990.

[agha86] Gul Agha. Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems. MIT Press, 1986.

[aho86] Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman. Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools. Addison-Wesley, 1986.

[aho88] Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, and Peter J. Weinberger. The AWK Programming Language. Addison-Wesley, 1988.

[aign10] Martin Aigner, Andreas Haas, Christoph Kirsch, Hannes Payer, Andreas Schönegger, and Ana Sokolova. Short-term memory for self-collecting mutators. Technical Report 2010-03, University of Salzburg, April 2010. Available here.

[aign11] Martin Aigner, Andreas Haas, Christoph M. Kirsch, Michael Lippautz, Ana Sokolova, Stephanie Stroka, and Andreas Unterweger. Short-term memory for self-collecting mutators. In Boehm and Bacon [ISMM11], 2011, pages 99-108. Available here.

[aign14] Martin Aigner, Thomas Hütter, Christoph M. Kirsch, Alexander Miller, Hannes Payer, and Mario Preishuber. ACDC-JS: Explorative benchmarking of JavasScript memory management. In DLS 2014 [DLS14], 2014, pages 67-78. Available here.

[aign13] Martin Aigner and Christoph M. Kirsch. ACDC: Towards a universal mutator for benchmarking heap management systems. In Petrank and Cheng [ISMM13], 2013. Available here.

[aike95] Alex Aiken, Manuel Fähndrich, and Raph Levien. Better static memory management: Improving region-based analysis of higher-order languages. Technical report, University of California, Berkeley, 1995. Available here.

[aike95a] Alex Aiken, Manuel Fähndrich, and Raph Levien. Better static memory management: Improving region-based analysis of higher-order languages. In PLDI 1995 [PLDI95], 1995, pages 174-185. Available here.

[ains20] Sam Ainsworth and Timothy M. Jones. Prefetching in functional languages. In Maas and Ding [ISMM20], 2020, pages 16-–29. Available here.

[ait91] Hassan Aït-Kaci. The WAM: A (real) tutorial. In Warren's Abstract Machine: A Tutorial Reconstruction. MIT Press, 1991. Also Technical report 5, DEC Paris Research Laboratory, 1990.

[AIX] Subroutines Overview, General Programming Concepts, AIX version 3.2 edition, version 3.2.

[akra16] Shoaib Akram, Jennifer B. Sartor, Kenzo Van Craeynest, Wim Heirman, and Lieven Eeckhout. Boosting the priority of garbage: Scheduling collection on heterogeneous multicore processors. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization, 13(1):4:1-4:25, March 2016. Available here.

[akra18] Shoaib Akram, Jennifer B. Sartor, Kathryn S. McKinley, and Lieven Eeckhout. Emulating hybrid memory on NUMA hardware. arXiv preprint, July 2018. arXiv:1808.00064. Available here.

[akra18a] Shoaib Akram, Jennifer B. Sartor, Kathryn S. McKinley, and Lieven Eeckhout. Write-rationing garbage collection for hybrid memories. In PLDI 2018 [PLDI18], 2018, pages 62-77. Available here.

[akyu95] Sedat Akyürek and Kenneth Salem. Adaptive block rearrangement. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 13(2):95-121, May 1995.

[alho14] Ali Al Hour. Garbage Collection in Distributed Memory Systems: Mark and Copy Garbage Collection (M&CGC) Algorithm. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, April 2014.

[albe07] Elvira Albert, Samir Genaim, and Miguel Gómez-Zamalloa. Heap space analysis for Java bytecode. In Morrisett and Sagiv [ISMM07], 2007, pages 105-116. Available here.

[albe09] Elvira Albert, Samir Genaim, and Miguel Gómez-Zamalloa Gil. Live heap space analysis for languages with garbage collection. In Kolodner and Steele [ISMM09], 2009, pages 129-138. Available here.

[albe10] Elvira Albert, Samir Genaim, and Miguel Gómez-Zamalloa. Parametric inference of memory requirements for garbage collected languages. In Vitek and Lea [ISMM10], 2010, pages 121-130. Available here.

[ali98] K.A.M. Ali. A simple generational real-time garbage collection scheme. Computing Paradigms and Computational Intelligence (New Generation Computing), 16(2), 1998.

[alja14] Malak Aljabri, Hans Wolfgang Loidl, and Phil Trinder. Balancing shared and distributed heaps on NUMA architectures. In 15th International Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Soesterberg, Netherlands, May 2014. Springer-Verlag. Available here.

[alla91] J.R. Allard and L.B. Hawkinson. Real-time programming in Common Lisp. Communications of the ACM, 34(9):64-69, 1991.

[alle02] N. Allen and Timothy B. Terriberry. System description for a scalable, fault-tolerant, distributed garbage collector. Computing Research Repository (CORR), cs.DC/0207, 2002.

[alli89] L. Allison. Circular programs and self-referential structures. Software: Practice and Experience, 19(2):99-109, 1989.

[alme83] Guy Almes, A. Borning, and E. Messinger. Implementing a Smalltalk-80 system on the Intel 432. In Krasner [Smalltalk-BHWA], 1983, pages 175-187.

[alme80] Guy T. Almes. Garbage collection in an Object-Oriented System. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1980.

[alno15] Khaled Alnowaiser and Jeremy Singer. Topology-aware parallelism for NUMA copying collectors. In LCPC 2015: Revised Selected Papers of the 28th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, volume 9519, pages 191-205, September 2015. Available here.

[alno14] Khaled Alnowaiser. A study of connected object locality in NUMA heaps. In MSPC 2014 [MSPC14], 2014. Available here.

[alno16] Khaled Alnowaiser. Garbage Collection Optimization for NUMA Architectures. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. Available here.

[alon87] Noga Alon, Amnon Barak, and Udi Mander. On disseminating information reliably without broadcasting. In 7th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems ICDCS97, Berlin, September 1987. IEEE Press.

[alon90] Rafael Alonso and Andrew W. Appel. An advisor for flexible working sets. In ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems, pages 153-162, Boulder, CO, May 1990. ACM Press. Available here.

[alpe99] Bowen Alpern, C.R. Attanasio, Anthony Cocchi, Derek Lieber, Stephen Smith, Ton Ngo, John J. Barton, Susan Flynn Hummel, Janice C. Sheperd, and Mark Mergen. Implementing Jalapeño in Java. In OOPSLA 1999 [OOPSLA99], 1999, pages 314-324. Available here.

[alpe00] Bowen Alpern, Dick Attanasio, John J. Barton, M. G. Burke, Perry Cheng, J.-D. Choi, Anthony Cocchi, Stephen J. Fink, David Grove, Michael Hind, Susan Flynn Hummel, D. Lieber, V. Litvinov, Mark Mergen, Ton Ngo, J.R. Russell, Vivek Sarkar, Manuel J. Serrano, Janice Shepherd, S. Smith, V.C. Sreedhar, H. Srinivasan, and J. Whaley. The Jalapeño virtual machine. IBM Systems Journal, 39(1), February 2000. Available here.

[alpe02] Bowen Alpern, Maria Butrico, Anthony Cocchi, Julian Dolby, Stephen Fink, David Grove, and Ton Ngo. Experiences porting the Jikes RVM to Linux/IA32. In JVM 2002 [JVM02], 2002, pages 51-64. Available here.

[amad04] Roberto Amadio, Solange Coupet-Grimal, Silvano Dal Zilio, and Line Jakubiec. A functional scenario for bytecode verification of space bounds. In SPACE 2004 [SPACE04], 2004.

[amam83] M. Amamiya, R. Hasegawa, and H. Mikami. List processing with a data flow machine. In RIMS Symposia on Software Science and Engineering, volume 147 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 165-190, Kyoto, Japan, 1983. Springer-Verlag. Available here.

[amsa94] Laurent Amsaleg, Michael Franklin, and Olivier Gruber. Efficient incremental garbage collection for workstation/server database systems. Technical report, Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, November 1994. Also University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies report UMIACS-TR-94-121. Available here.

[amsa95a] Laurent Amsaleg, Paulo Ferreira, Michael Franklin, and Marc Shapiro. Evaluating garbage collectors for large persistent stores. In OOPSLA'95 Workshop on Object Database Behavior, Benchmarks, and Performance, Austin, TX, October 1995. Available here.

[amsa95] Laurent Amsaleg, Michael Franklin, and Olivier Gruber. Efficient incremental garbage collection for client-server object database systems. In Twenty-first International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB95), Zurich, Switzerland, September 1995. Available here.

[amsa99] Laurent Amsaleg, Michael Franklin, and Olivier Gruber. Garbage collection for a client-server persistent object store. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 17(3):153-201, 1999.

[amst00] Jonathan Amsterdam. Use object pools to sidestep garbage collection. Java Report, pages 120-119 (really), September 2000.

[anan24] Aditya Anand, Solai Adithya, Swapnil Rustagi, Priyam Seth, Vijay Sundaresan, Daryl Maier, V. Krishna Nandivada, and Manas Thakur. Optimistic stack allocation and dynamic heapification for managed runtimes. In PLDI 2024 [PLDI24], 2024, pages 296-319. Available here.

[ande87] Wayne Anderson, William Galway, Robert Kessler, Herbert Melenk, and Winfried Neun. The implementation and optimisation of Portable Standard Lisp for the Cray. In 20th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Science Systems, January 1987.

[ande91] Thomas E. Anderson, Henry M. Levy, Brian N. Bershad, and Edward D. Lazowska. The interaction of architecture and operating systems design. In ASPLOS 1991 [ASPLOS91], 1991, pages 108-120.

[ande04] T. Anderson, M. Eng, N. Glew, B. Lewis, V. Menon, and J Stichnoth. Experience integrating a new compiler and garbage collector into Rotor. In .NET Technologies'2004, pages 53-70, 2004. Available here.

[ande15] Todd A. Anderson, Melissa O'Neill, and John Sarracino. Chihuahua: A concurrent, moving, garbage collector using transactional memory. In TRANSACT 2015 [TRANSACT15], 2015.

[ande21] Daniel Anderson, Guy E. Blelloch, and Yuanhao Wei. Concurrent deferred reference counting with constant-time overhead. In PLDI 2021 [PLDI21], 2021. Available here.

[ande22] Daniel Anderson, Guy E. Blelloch, and Yuanhao Wei. Turning manual concurrent memory reclamation into automatic reference counting. In PLDI 2022 [PLDI22], 2022, pages 61–-75. Available here.

[ande10] Todd A. Anderson. Optimizations in a private nursery-based garbage collector. In Vitek and Lea [ISMM10], 2010, pages 21-30. Available here.

[andr86] David L. Andre. Paging in Lisp programs. Master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1986.

[andr02] Eva Andreasson, Frank Hoffmann, and Olof Lindholm. To collect or not to collect? machine learning for memory management. In JVM 2002 [JVM02], 2002. Available here.

[scho10b] Martin Schoeberl andThomas B. Preusser and Sascha Uhrig. The embedded Java benchmark suite JemBench. In JTRES 2010 [JTRES10], 2010. Available here.

[ANSI-C] American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for Information Systems: Programming Language C, December 1989.

[ANSI-C++] ANSI document X3J16/95-0087, ISO document WG21/N0618. Draft Proposed International Standard for Information SSystems: Programming Language C++, April 1995.

[aonix] The PERC Virtual Machine. Available here.

[appe88c] Andrew W. Appel, Bruce F. Duba, and David B. MacQueen. Profiling in the presence of optimization and garbage collection. Technical Report CS-TR-197-88, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, November 1988.

[appe88] Andrew W. Appel, John R. Ellis, and Kai Li. Real-time concurrent collection on stock multiprocessors. In PLDI 1988 [PLDI88], 1988, pages 11-20. Available here.

[appe88a] Andrew W. Appel and Aage Bendiksen. Vectorized garbage collection. Technical Report CS-TR-169-88, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, July 1988. Available here.

[appe89c] Andrew W. Appel and Aage Bendiksen. Vectorized garbage collection. The Journal of Supercomputing, 3:151-160, 1989. Available here.

[appe93] Andrew W. Appel and Marcelo J.R. Gonçalves. Hash-consing garbage collection. Technical Report CS-TR-412-93, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, February 1993. Available here.

[appe88d] Andrew W. Appel and David R. Hanson. Copying garbage collection in the presence of ambiguous references. Technical Report CS-TR-162-88, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, 1988.

[appe91] Andrew W. Appel and Kai Li. Virtual memory primitives for user programs. In ASPLOS 1991 [ASPLOS91], 1991, pages 96-107. Available here.

[appe94] Andrew W. Appel and Zhong Shao. An empirical and analytic study of stack vs.\ heap cost for languages with closures. Technical Report CS-TR-450-94, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, March 1994. Available here.

[appe96] Andrew W. Appel and Zhong Shao. Empirical and analytic study of stack versus heap cost for languages with closures. Journal of Functional Programming, 6(1):47-74, January 1996. Available here.

[appe87] Andrew W. Appel. Garbage collection can be faster than stack allocation. Information Processing Letters, 25(4):275-279, 1987. Available here.

[appe88b] Andrew W. Appel. Allocation without locking. Technical Report CS-TR-182-88, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, September 1988.

[appe89a] Andrew W. Appel. Allocation without locking. Software: Practice and Experience, 19(7), 1989. Short Communication.

[appe89b] Andrew W. Appel. Runtime tags aren't necessary. Lisp and Symbolic Computation, 2:153-162, 1989. Available here.

[appe89] Andrew W. Appel. Simple generational garbage collection and fast allocation. Software: Practice and Experience, 19(2):171-183, 1989. Available here.

[appe90] Andrew W. Appel. A runtime system. Lisp and Symbolic Computation, 3:343-380, 1990.

[appe91a] Andrew W. Appel. Garbage collection. In Peter Lee, editor, Topics in Advanced Language Implementation, pages 89-100. MIT Press, 1991.

[appe92a] Andrew W. Appel. The Runtime System, chapter 16, pages 205-214. Cambridge University Press, 1992.

[appe92] Andrew W. Appel. Tutorial: Compilers and runtime systems for languages with garbage collection. In PLDI 1992 [PLDI92], 1992. Available here.

[appe94a] Andrew W. Appel. Emulating write-allocate on a no-write-allocate cache. Technical Report TR-459-94, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, June 1994. Available here.

[appe97c] Andrew W. Appel. A better analytical model for the strong generational hypothesis, November 1997. Cited by [stef99].

[appe97a] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in C: Basic Techniques. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[appe97b] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in Java: Basic Techniques. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[appe97] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in ML: Basic Techniques. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[appe98a] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in C. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

[appe98b] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in Java. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

[appe98] Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in ML. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

[appl88] Karen Appleby, Mats Carlsson, Seif Haridi, and Dan Sahlin. Garbage collection for Prolog based on WAM. Communications of the ACM, 31(6):719-741, 1988.

[arbe18] Maya Arbel-Raviv and Trevor Brown. Harnessing epoch-based reclamation for efficient range queries. In PPOPP 2018 [PPoPP18], 2018, pages 14-27. Available here.

[armb07] Austin Armbruster, Jason Baker, Antonio Cunei, Chapman Flack, David Holmes, Filip Pizlo, Edward Pla, Marek Prochazka, and Jan Vitek. A real-time Java virtual machine with applications in avionics. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computer Systems, 7(1):5:1-5:49, 2007. Supersedes [bake06]. Available here.

[arms93] Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding, and Mike Williams. Concurrent Programming in ERLANG. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

[arms95] Joe Armstrong and Robert Virding. One-pass real-time generational mark-sweep garbage collection. In Baker [IWMM95], 1995, pages 313-322. Available here.

[arnb72] Stefan Arnborg. Storage administration in a virtual memory simulation system. BIT, 12(2):125-141, 1972.

[arnb74] Stefan Arnborg. Optimal memory management in a system with garbage collection. BIT, 14(4):375-381, 1974.

[arno00] Matthew Arnold, Stephen J. Fink, David Grove, Michael Hind, and Peter F. Sweeney. Adaptive optimization in the Jalapeño JVM. In OOPSLA 2000 [OOPSLA00], 2000, pages 47-65. Available here.

[arno02] Matthew Arnold, Michael Hind, and Barbara G. Ryder. Online feedback-directed optimization of Java. In OOPSLA 2002 [OOPSLA02], 2002, pages 111-129. Available here.

[arno05] Matthew Arnold and David Grove. Collecting and exploiting high-accuracy call graph profiles in virtual machines. In CGO 2005 [CGO05], 2005, pages 51-62. Available here.

[arno01] Matthew Arnold and Barbara G. Ryder. A framework for reducing the cost of instrumented code. In PLDI 2001 [PLDI01], 2001, pages 168-179. Available here.

[aror21] Jatin Arora, Sam Westrick, and Umut A. Acar. Provably space-efficient parallel functional programming. In POPL 2021 [POPL21], 2021. Available here.

[arvi23] Ellen Arvidsson, Elias Castegren, Sylvan Clebsch, Sophia Drossopoulou, James Noble, Matthew Parkinson, and Tobias Wrigstad. Reference capabilities for flexible memory management. In OOPSLA 2023 [OOPSLA23], 2023.

[asat14] Rahul Asati, Amitabha Sanyal, Amey Karkare, and Alan Mycroft. Liveness-based garbage collection. In CC 2014 [CC14], 2014, pages 85-106. Available here.

[ashw97] S. Ashwin, P. Roy, S. Seshadri, A. Silberschatz, and S. Sudarshan. Garbage collection in object-oriented databases using transactional cyclic reference counting. The VLDB Journal, 7(3):179–-193, August 1998. Available here.

[asla11] Faisal Aslam, Luminous Fennell, Christian Schindelhauer, Peter Thiemann, and Zartash Afzal Uzmi. Offline GC: Trashing reachable objects on tiny devices. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys 2011, Seattle, WA, November 2011. Available here.

[ASPLOS82] 1st International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 10(2), Palo Alto, CA, March 1982. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS87] 2nd International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 15(5), Palo Alto, CA, October 1987. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS89] 3rd International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 17(2), Boston, MA, April 1989. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS91] 4th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 19(2), Santa Clara, CA, April 1991. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS92] 5th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 27(9), Boston, MA, October 1992. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS94] 6th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 29(11), San Jose, CA, October 1994. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS96] 7th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 31(9), Cambridge, MA, October 1996. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS98] 8th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 33(11), San Jose, CA, October 1998. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS00] 9th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 35(11), Cambridge, MA, November 2000. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS02] 10th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37(10), San Jose, CA, October 2002. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS04] Shubu Mukherjee and Kathryn S. McKinley, editors. 11th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 39(11), Boston, MA, October 2004. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS06] John Paul Shen and Margaret Martonosi, editors. Twelfth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 41(11), San Jose, CA, October 2006. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS08] Susan J. Eggers and James R. Larus, editors. 13th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43(3), Seattle, WA, March 2008. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS09] Mary Lou Soffa, editor. 14th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43(3), Seattle, WA, March 2008. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS11] Todd Mowry, editor. 16th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Newport Beach, CA, March 2011. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS12] Tim Harris and Michael L. Scott, editors. 17th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, London, UK, March 2012. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS15] 20st International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015. ACM Press.

[ASPLOS16] Tom Conte and Yuanyuan Zhou, editors. 21st International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 51(4), Atlanta, GA, March 2016. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS18] Xipeng Shen, James Tuck, Ricardo Bianchini, and Vivek Sarkar, editors. 23rd International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Williamsburg, VA, March 2018. ACM Press. Available here.

[ASPLOS20] James R. Larus, Luis Ceze, and Karin Strauss, editors. 25th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland, March 2020. ACM Press. {ASPLOS 2020 was canceled because of COVID-19. Available here.

[ASPLOS21] Tim Sherwood, Emery D. Berger, and Christos Kozyrakis, editors. 26th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. ACM Press, April 2021. {ASPLOS 2021 was a virtual event. Available here.

[ASPLOS23] Tor M. Aamodt, Natalie Enright Jerger, and Michael Swift, editors. 28th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Vancouver, Canada, March 2023. ACM Press.

[asse93] Holger Assenmacher, Thomas Breitbach, Peter Buhler, Volker Hübsch, and Reinhard Schwarz. PANDA - supporting distributed programming in C++. In Nierstrasz [ECOOP93], 1993, pages 361-383. Available here.

[atke04] Robert Atkey. A calculus for resource relationships. In SPACE 2004 [SPACE04], 2004.

[atki88] Martin C. Atkins and Lee R. Nackman. The active deallocation of objects in object-oriented systems. Software: Practice and Experience, 18(11):1073-1089, 1988.

[atki89] Martin Atkins. Implementation Techniques for Object-Oriented Systems. PhD thesis, University of York, June 1989.

[atki83] Malcolm P. Atkinson, P.J. Bailey, K.J. Chisholm, W.P. Cockshott, and Ron Morrison. An approach to persistent programming. Computer Journal, 26(4):360-365, December 1983.

[atki89a] Russ Atkinson, Alan Demers, Carl Hauser, Christian Jacobi, Peter Kessler, and Mark Weiser. Experiences creating a portable Cedar. In PLDI 1989 [PLDI89], 1989, pages 322-329. Available here.

[atki85] Malcolm P. Atkinson and Ronald Morrison. Procedures as persistent data objects. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 7(4):539-559, October 1985.

[atta01] Clement R. Attanasio, David F. Bacon, Anthony Cocchi, and Stephen Smith. A comparative evaluation of parallel garbage collectors. In LCPC 2001 [LCPC01], 2001. Available here.

[atta95] Giuseppe Attardi, Tito Flagella, and Pietro Iglio. Performance tuning in a customizable collector. In Baker [IWMM95], 1995, pages 179-196. Available here.

[atta98] Giuseppe Attardi, Tito Flagella, and Pietro Iglio. A customisable memory management framework for C++. Software: Practice and Experience, 28(11):1143-1183, November 1998. Available here.

[atta94a] Giuseppe Attardi and Tito Flagella. A customisable memory management framework. In ECOOP 1984 [ECOOP84], 1984, pages 320-343.

[atta94] Giuseppe Attardi and Tito Flagella. A customisable memory management framework. Technical Report TR-94-010, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, 1994. Also USENIX C++ Conference, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

[atta96] Giuseppe Attardi and Tito Flagella. Memory management in the PoSSo solver. Journal of Symbolic Computation, 21(3):293-311, 1996.

[atto14] Koutheir Attouchi, Gaël Thomas, Gilles Muller, Julia Lawall, and André Bottaro. Incinerator - eliminating stale references in dynamic OSGi applications. In EclipseCon Europe, 2014. Also Inria Research Report 8485. Available here.

[auer07b] Joshua Auerbach, David F. Bacon, Bob Blainey, Perry Cheng, Michael Dawson, Mike Fulton, David Grove, Darren Hart, and Mark Stoodley. Design and implementation of a comprehensive real-time Java virtual machine. In 7th ACM & IEEE International Conference on Embedded Software, pages 249-258, Salzburg, Austria, September 2007. ACM Press. Available here.

[auer07] Joshua Auerbach, David F. Bacon, Florian Bömers, and Perry Cheng. Real-time music synthesis in Java using the Metronome garbage collector. In International Computer Music Conference, pages 103-110, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007. University of Michigan Library. Available here.

[auer07a] Joshua Auerbach, David F. Bacon, Daniel T. Iercan, Christopher M. Kirsch, V.T. Rajan, Harald Röck, and Rainer Trummer. Java takes flight: Time-portable real-time programming with Exotasks. In ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems, pages 31-62. ACM Press, 2007.

[auer08] Joshua Auerbach, David F. Bacon, Perry Cheng, David Grove, Ben Biron, Charlie Gracie, Bill McCloskey, Aleksandar Micic, and Ryan Sciampacone. Tax-and-spend: Democratic scheduling for real-time garbage collection. In 8th ACM International Conference on Embedded Software, pages 245-254, Atlanta, GA, 2008. ACM Press. Available here.

[auge79] Moshe J. Augenstein and Aaron M. Tenenbaum. Data Structures using Pascal. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., second edition, 1986.

[augu87] Lex Augusteijn. Garbage collection in a distributed environment. In de Bakker et al. [PARLE87], 1987, pages 75-93. Available here.

[augu84] Lennart Augustsson. A compiler for lazy ML. In Steele [LFP84], 1984, pages 218-227. Available here.

[auha11] Sven Auhagen, Lars Bergstrom, Matthew Fluet, and John Reppy. Garbage collection for multicore NUMA machines. In Vetter et al. [MSPC11], 2011, pages 51-57. Available here.

[aust94] Todd M. Austin, Scott E. Breachand, and Gurindar S. Sohi. Efficient detection of all pointer and array access errors. In PLDI 1994 [PLDI94], 1994, pages 290-301. Available here.

[axfo90] Thomas H. Axford. Reference counting of cyclic graphs for functional programs. Computer Journal, 33(5):466-470, 1990. Available here.

[azag98] Alain Azagury, Elliot K. Kolodner, Erez Petrank, and Zvi Yehudai. Combining card marking with remembered sets: How to save scanning time. In Peyton~Jones and Jones [ISMM98], 1998, pages 10-19. Available here.

[azag99] Alain Azagury, Elliot K. Kolodner, and Erez Petrank. A note on the implementation of replication-based garbage collection for multithreaded applications and multiprocessor environments. Parallel Processing Letters, 9(3):391-399, 1999. Available here.

[azat03] Hezi Azatchi, Yossi Levanoni, Harel Paz, and Erez Petrank. An on-the-fly mark and sweep garbage collector based on sliding views. In OOPSLA 2003 [OOPSLA03], 2003, pages 269-281. Available here.

[azat03a] Hezi Azatchi and Erez Petrank. Integrating generations with advanced reference counting garbage collectors. In 12th International Conference on Compiler Construction, volume 2622 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 185-199, Warsaw, Poland, May 2003. Springer-Verlag. Available here.

[azat03b] Hezi Azatchi and Erez Petrank. Integrating generations with advanced reference counting garbage collectors. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 18(9):959-995, 2006. Available here.

[azim07] Reza Azimi, Livio Soares, Michael Stumm, Thomas Walsh, and Angela Demke Brown. PATH: Page access tracking to improve memory management. In Morrisett and Sagiv [ISMM07], 2007, pages 31-42. Available here.

[azul08] Azul. Pauseless garbage collection. White paper AWP-005-020, Azul Systems Inc., July 2008.

[azul10] Azul. Comparison of virtual memory manipulation metrics. White paper, Azul Systems Inc., 2010.