The GC bibliography

the Garbage Collection Bibliography

The bibliography is available in BibTeX format (including abstracts for many entries), or as PDF or in a series of web pages

I would be most grateful to receive additions, corrections and URLs of electronically available papers.

Last updated 1 October 2024.

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[naeem09] Nomair A. Naeem and Ondrej Lhoták. Efficient alias set analysis using SSA form. In Kolodner and Steele [ISMM09], 2009, pages 79-88. Available here.

[naga88] Jiro Naganuma, Takeshi Ogura, Shin-ichiro Yamada, and Takashi Kimura. High-speed CAM-based architecture for a Prolog machine (ASCA). IEEE Transactions on Computers, 37(11):1375-1383, 11 1988.

[naga09] Vijay Nagarajan, Dennis Jeffrey, and Rajiv Gupta. Self-recovery in server programs. In Kolodner and Steele [ISMM09], 2009, pages 49-58. Available here.

[naka88] Katsuto Nakajima. Piling GC: Efficient garbage collection for Al languages. ICOT technical report TR-354, Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, 1988.

[naka88a] Katsuto Nakajima. Piling GC: Efficient garbage collection for Al languages. In IFIP WG 10.3 Working Conference on Parallel Processing, pages 210-204. North Holland, 1988.

[naru10] Narihiro Nakamura and Hikari Aikawa. Garbage Collection Algorithms and Implementations. Hidekazu, 2010. In Japanese.

[nand05] V. Krishna Nandivada and David Detlefs. Compile-time concurrent marking write barrier removal. In CGO 2005 [CGO05], 2005, pages 37-48. Available here.

[nanj21] Joannah Nanjekye, David Bremner, and Aleksandar Micic. Eclipse OMR garbage collection for tracing JIT-based virtual machines. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON'21), pages 244-–249, 2021.

[nanj22] Joannah Nanjekye, David Bremner, and Aleksandar Micic. The garbage collection cost for meta-tracing JIT-based dynamic languages. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON'22), pages 140-149, 2021.

[nanj23] Joannah Nanjekye, David Bremner, and Aleksandar Micic. Towards reliable memory management for Python native extensions. In Jul and Racordon [ICOOOLPS23], 2023, pages 244-–249.

[nasa15] Konstantin Nasartschuk, Marcel Dombrowski, Tristan Basa, Mazder Rahman, Kenneth Kent, and Gerhard Dueck. Garcosim: A framework for automated memory management research and evaluation. In Proceedings of the 9th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools (VALUETOOLS'15), pages 263-268, Berlin, Germany, 2016. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Available here.

[nasa16] Konstantin Nasartschuk, Marcel Dombrowski, Kenneth B. Kent, Aleksandar Micic, Dane Henshall, and Charlie Gracie. String deduplication during garbage collection in virtual machines. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON'16), pages 250-256, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2016. Available here.

[nava23] Christian Navasca, Martin Maas, and Petros Maniatis. Predicting dynamic properties of heap allocations using neural networks trained on static code. In Blackburn and Petrank [ISMM23], 2023, pages 43-–57. Available here.

[neel96] Michael S. Neely. An analysis of the effects of memory allocation policy on storage fragmentation. Master's thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1996.

[neir87] Anne Neirynck, Prakash Panangaden, and Alan J. Demers. Computation of aliases and support sets. In POPL 1987 [POPL87], 1987, pages 274-283. Available here.

[neir88] Anne Neirynck. Static Analysis of Aliasing and Side Effects in Higher-Order Languages. PhD thesis, Cornell University, January 1988.

[nels83] Greg Nelson. Verifying reachability invariants of linked structures. In POPL 1983 [POPL83], 1983, pages 38-47. Available here.

[nels89] Jeffrey E. Nelson. Automatic, incremental, on-the-fly garbage collection of actors. Master's thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989.

[neth04] Nicholas Nethercote and Jeremy Fitzhardinge. Bounds-checking entire programs without recompiling. In SPACE 2004 [SPACE04], 2004.

[nett92] Scott M. Nettles, James W. O'Toole, David Pierce, and Nicholas Haines. Replication-based incremental copying collection. In Bekkers and Cohen [IWMM92], 1992, pages 357-364. Available here.

[nett93b] Scott M. Nettles, James W. O'Toole, and David Gifford. Concurrent garbage collection of persistent heaps. Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-569 and CMU-CS-93-137, Carnegie Mellon University, April 1993. The same paper as [otoo93a]. Available here.

[nett93] Scott Nettles and James O'Toole. Real-time replication-based garbage collection. In PLDI 1993 [PLDI93], 1993, pages 217-226. Available here.

[nett93c] Scott M. Nettles and James W. O'Toole. Implementing orthogonal persistence: A simple optimization based on replicating collection. In IWOOOS 1993 [IWOOOS93], 1993.

[nett96] Scott M. Nettles and James W. O'Toole. A rollback technique for implementing persistence by reachability. In Connor and Nettles [POS96], 1997.

[nett92a] Scott M. Nettles. A Larch specification of copying garbage collection. Research paper CMU-CS-92-219, Carnegie Mellon University, December 1992.

[newe57] A. Newell and J.C. Shaw. Programming the logic theory machine. In Western Joint Computing Conference, pages 230-240, 1957.

[newe60] A. Newell and F.M. Tonge. An introduction to information processing language V. Communications of the ACM, 3(4):205-211, April 1960.

[newm82a] I.A. Newman, R.P. Stallard, and M.C. Woodward. Alternative approaches to multiprocessor garbage collection. In ICPP 1982 [ICPP82], 1982, pages 205-210.

[newm82] I.A. Newman, R.P. Stallard, and M.C. Woodward. Performance of parallel garbage collection algorithms. Computer Studies, 166, September 1982.

[newm83] I.A. Newman, R.P. Stallard, and M.C. Woodward. Improved multiprocessor garbage collection algorithms. In ICPP 1983 [ICPP83], 1983, pages 367-368.

[newm84] I.A. Newman, R.P. Stallard, and M.C. Woodward. A parallel compaction algorithm for multiprocessor garbage collection. In M. Feilmeier, J. Joubert, and U. Schendel, editors, Parallel Computing 83 Conference, pages 450-462, 1984.

[newm87] I.A. Newman, R.P. Stallard, and M.C. Woodward. A hybrid multiple processor garbage collection algorithm. Computer Journal, 30(2):119-127, 1987.

[ng87] Y.H. Ng and R.J. Glover. Basic memory support for functional languages. In 4th International IEEE VLSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference, pages 35-40, Santa Clara, CA, June 1987. IEEE Press.

[ng96] T.C.T. Ng. Efficient garbage collection for large object-oriented databases. Master's thesis, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, 1996.

[nguy07a] N. Nguyen, A. Dominguez, and R. Barua. Scratch-pad memory allocation without compiler support for Java applications. In International Conference on Compilers, Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems (CASES), 2007.

[nguy15a] Khanh Nguyen, Lu Fang, Guoqing Xu, and Brian Demsky. Speculative region-based memory management for big data systems. In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems, pages 27-32, Monterey, California, 2015. ACM Press. Available here.

[nguy15] Khanh Nguyen, Kai Wang, Yingyi Bu, Lu Fang, Jianfei Hu, and Guoqing Xu. Facade: A compiler and runtime for (almost) object-bounded big data applications. In ASPLOS 2015 [ASPLOS15], 2015, pages 675-690. Available here.

[nguy16] Khanh Nguyen, Lu Fang, Guoqing Xu, , Brian Demsky, Shan Lu, Sanazsadat Alamian, and Onur Mutlu. Yak: A high-performance big-data-friendly garbage collector. In 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'16), Savannah, GA, November 2016. Available here.

[nguy07] Huu Hai Nguyen and Martin Rinard. Detecting and eliminating memory leaks using cyclic memory allocation. In Morrisett and Sagiv [ISMM07], 2007, pages 15-30. Available here.

[nguy09] Viet Yen Nguyen and Theo C. Ruys. Memoised garbage collection for software model checking. In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS), volume 5505 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009. Available here.

[ni07] Yang Ni, Vijay Menon, Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai, Antony L. Hosking, Richard L. Hudson, J. Eliot B. Moss, Bratin Saha, and Tatiana Shpeisman. Open nesting in software transactional memory. In PPOPP 2007 [PPoPP07], 2007, pages 68-78. Available here.

[niel77] Norman R. Nielsen. Dynamic memory allocation in computer simulation. Communications of the ACM, 20(11):864-873, November 1977.

[niet00] Leonor P. Nieto and Javier Esparza. Verifying single and multi-mutator garbage collectors with Owicki-Gries in Isabelle/HOL. In International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, pages 619-–628. Springer-Verlag, 2000.

[nikh00] R.S. Nikhil and U. Ramachandran. Garbage collection of timestamped data in Stampede. In PODC 2000 [PODC00], 2000.

[niko21] Ruslan Nikolaev and Binoy Ravindran. Snapshot-free, transparent, and robust memory reclamation for lock-free data structures. In PLDI 2021 [PLDI21], 2021. Available here.

[nils95a] Kelvin Nilsen and H. Gao. The real-time behaviour of dynamic memory management in C++. In IEEE Real-Time Technologies and Applications Symposium, pages 142-153, Chicago, May 1995. IEEE Press. Available here.

[nils90] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. Hardware support for garbage collection of linked objects and arrays in real-time. In Jul and Juul [OOPSLA90-gc], 1990. Available here.

[nils90a] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. A high-level overview of hardware assisted real-time garbage collection. Technical Report TR90-18a, Iowa State University, Department of Computer Science, October 1990.

[nils92c] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. Cost-effective object-space management for hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection. Letters on Programming Language and Systems, 1(4):338-354, December 1992. Available here.

[nils92] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. Hardware-assisted general-purpose garbage collection for hard real-time systems. Technical Report ISU TR92-15, Iowa State University, Department of Computer Science, October 1992. Available here.

[nils92a] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. Preferred embodiment of a hardware-assisted garbage collection system. Technical Report ISU TR92-17, Iowa State University, Department of Computer Science, November 1992. Available here.

[nils93a] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. Cost-effective object-space management for hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection. Letters on Programming Languages and Systems, 1(4):338-354, December 1993.

[nils94a] Kelvin D. Nilsen and William J. Schmidt. A high-performance hardware-assisted real time garbage collection system. Journal of Programming Languages, 2(1), 1994.

[nils87] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Real-time garbage collection of strings and linked data structures. Technical Report TR 87-5, University of Arizona, Department of Computer Science, January 1987.

[nils88] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Garbage collection of strings and linked data-structures in real-time. Software: Practice and Experience, 18(7):613-640, 1988.

[nils91] Kelvin D. Nilsen. A high-performance architecture for real-time garbage collection. In Wilson and Hayes [OOPSLA91-gc], 1991. Available here.

[nils92b] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Memory cycle accountings for hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection. Technical Report 91-21(c), Iowa State University, Computer Science Department, 1992. Available here.

[nils93] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Reliable real-time garbage collection of C++. In Moss et al. [OOPSLA93-gc], 1993. Available here.

[nils94] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Cost-effective hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection. In LCT-RTS 1994 [LCTES94], 1994.

[nils94b] Kelvin D. Nilsen. Reliable real-time garbage collection of C++. Computing Systems, 7(4), 1994. Available here.

[nils95b] Kelvin Nilsen. High-level dynamic memory management for object oriented real-time systems. In Workshop on Object-Oriented Real-Time Systems, San Antonio, Tx., October 1995. Available here.

[nils95] Kelvin Nilsen. Progress in hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection. In Baker [IWMM95], 1995, pages 355-379. Available here.

[nils96b] Kelvin Nilsen. Invited note: Java for real-time. Real-Time Systems Journal, pages 197-205, September 1996. Available here.

[nils96] Kelvin Nilsen. Issues in the design and implementation of real-time Java. Java Developer's Journal, 1(1):44, June 1996. Available here.

[nils96a] Kelvin Nilsen. Starting to PERC. Java Developer's Journal, 1(2):11, July 1996. Available here.

[nils98] Kelvin Nilsen. Adding real-time capabilities to the Java programming language. Communications of the ACM, 1998. To appear.

[nils09] Kelvin Nilsen. Differentiating features of the PERC virtual machine. White paper, Aonix, 2009. Available here.

[nish98a] Gor Nishanov and Sibylle Schupp. Design and implementation of the fgc garbage collector. Technical Report 98-7, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, 1998. Extended version (1 December 1999) available.

[nish98] Gor Nishanov and Sibylle Schupp. Garbage collection in generic libraries. In Peyton~Jones and Jones [ISMM98], 1998, pages 86-96. Available here.

[nish88] Kenji Nishida, Yasunori Kimura, and A. Matsumoto. Evaluation of the effect of incremental garbage collection by MRB on FGHC parallel execution performance. ICOT technical report TR-394, Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, June 1988.

[nish88a] Kenji Nishida, Yasunori Kimura, A. Matsumoto, and A. Goto. Evaluation of MRB garbage collection on parallel logic programming architectures. In 7th International Conference on Logic Programming, Jerusalem, pages 83-95. MIT Press, June 1988.

[nish06] Susumu Nishimura. Verifying data-parallel programs with separation logic. In SPACE 2006 [SPACE06], 2006, pages 101-104. Available here.

[nitz91] B. Nitzberg and V. Lo. Distributed shared memory: A survey of issues and algorithms. IEEE Computer, pages 52-60, 1991.

[niwa86] M. Niwa, M. Yuhara, K. Hayashi, and A. Hattori. Garbage collector with area optimization for FACOM ALPHA.. In COMPCON Spring 86: 31st IEEE Computer Society International Conference. San Francisco, 1986 March 3-6. IEEE Press, 1986.

[nobl00] James Noble, Charles Weir, and Duane Bibby. Small Memory Software: Patterns for Systems with Limited Memory. Addison-Wesley, 2000.

[norc03] Stuart Norcross, Ron Morrison, David S. Munro, and Henry Detmold. Implementing a family of distributed garbage collectors. In Australasian Computer Science Conference, (ACSC), pages 161-170, Adelaide, January 2003.

[norc03a] Stuart Norcross. Deriving Distributed Garbage Collectors for Distributed Termination Algorithms. PhD thesis, St Andrews University, 2003.

[nori79] A.K. Nori. A storage reclamation system for an applicative multiprocessor system. Master's thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1979.

[norl22] Jonas Norlinder, Erik Österlund, and Tobias Wrigstad. Compressed forwarding tables reconsidered. In Wrigstad and Gonzalez~Boix [MPLR22], 2022.

[norl24] Jonas Norlinder, Erik Österlund, David Black-Schaffer, and Tobias Wrigstad. Mark-Scavenge: Waiting for trash to take itself out. In OOPSLA 2024 [OOPSLA24], 2024.

[norl24a] Jonas Norlinder, Albert Mingkun Yang, David Black-Schaffer, and Tobias Wrigstad. Mutator-driven object placement using load barriers. In Ertl and Kirsch [MPLR24], 2024. Available here.

[nort87] S.C. North and John H. Reppy. Concurrent garbage collection on stock hardware. In Kahn [FPCA87], 1987, pages 113-133. Available here.

[nova06] Gene Novark, Trevor Strohman, and Emery D. Berger. Custom object layout for garbage-collected languages. Technical report, University of Massachusetts, 2006. New England Programming Languages and Systems Symposium, March, 2006. Available here.

[nova09] Gene Novark, Emery Berger, and Benjamin Zorn. Efficiently and precisely locating memory leaks and bloat. In PLDI 2009 [PLDI09], 2009. Available here.

[nune16] Diogenes Nunez, Samuel Z. Guyer, and Emery D. Berger. Prioritized garbage collection: Explicit GC support for software caches. In OOPSLA 2016 [OOPSLA16], 2016, pages 695-710. Available here.

[nuth89] Peter R. Nuth and Robert H. Halstead. A study of LISP on a multiprocessor (preliminary version). Lisp Pointers, 2(3-4):15-32, 1989.

[nuth87] Peter R. Nuth. Communication patterns in a symbolic multiprocessor. Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-395, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, June 1987.

[nutt17] Ed Nutting. Feasibility of an integrated hardware garbage collector. Bachelor of engineering thesis, University of Bristol, May 2017. Available here.