Rinternals.h File Reference

($Id: Rinternals.h 1348 2013-02-25 17:49:03Z arr $)

(As described in 'Writing R Extensions'.) More...

#include <cstdio>
#include <climits>
#include <R_ext/Arith.h>
#include <R_ext/Error.h>
#include <R_ext/Memory.h>
#include <R_ext/PrtUtil.h>
#include <R_ext/Utils.h>
#include <R_ext/libextern.h>
#include "CXXR/Closure.h"
#include "CXXR/ComplexVector.h"
#include "CXXR/DotInternal.h"
#include "CXXR/GCRoot.h"
#include "CXXR/Environment.h"
#include "CXXR/Expression.h"
#include "CXXR/ExpressionVector.h"
#include "CXXR/ExternalPointer.h"
#include "CXXR/IntVector.h"
#include "CXXR/ListVector.h"
#include "CXXR/LogicalVector.h"
#include "CXXR/PairList.h"
#include "CXXR/Promise.h"
#include "CXXR/ProtectStack.h"
#include "CXXR/RawVector.h"
#include "CXXR/RealVector.h"
#include "CXXR/S4Object.h"
#include "CXXR/String.h"
#include "CXXR/StringVector.h"
#include "CXXR/Symbol.h"
#include "CXXR/WeakRef.h"

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Namespaces
namespace	CXXR
	Namespace for the CXXR project.

Macros
#define	NEWSXP   30 /* fresh node creaed in new page */
#define	FREESXP   31 /* node released by GC */
#define	CHAR(x)   R_CHAR(x)
#define	CONS(a, b)   Rf_cons((a), (b)) /* data lists */
#define	LCONS(a, b)   Rf_lcons((a), (b)) /* language lists */
#define	EXTPTR_PTR(x)   R_ExternalPtrAddr(x)
#define	EXTPTR_PROT(x)   R_ExternalPtrProtected(x)
#define	EXTPTR_TAG(x)   R_ExternalPtrTag(x)
#define	isByteCode(x)   (TYPEOF(x)==BCODESXP)
#define	PROTECT(s)   Rf_protect(s)
#define	UNPROTECT(n)   Rf_unprotect(n)
#define	UNPROTECT_PTR(s)   Rf_unprotect_ptr(s)
#define	PROTECT_WITH_INDEX(x, i)   R_ProtectWithIndex(x,i)
#define	REPROTECT(x, i)   R_Reprotect(x,i)
#define	R_NilValue   NULL
#define	NA_STRING   R_NaString
#define	error_return(msg)   { Rf_error(msg); return R_NilValue; }
#define	errorcall_return(cl, msg)   { Rf_errorcall(cl, msg); return R_NilValue; }
#define	BODY_EXPR(e)   R_ClosureExpr(e)
#define	R_XDR_DOUBLE_SIZE   8
#define	R_XDR_INTEGER_SIZE   4
#define	acopy_string   Rf_acopy_string
#define	alloc3DArray   Rf_alloc3DArray
#define	allocArray   Rf_allocArray
#define	allocList   Rf_allocList
#define	allocMatrix   Rf_allocMatrix
#define	allocS4Object   Rf_allocS4Object
#define	allocSExp   Rf_allocSExp
#define	allocVector   Rf_allocVector
#define	any_duplicated   Rf_any_duplicated
#define	any_duplicated3   Rf_any_duplicated3
#define	arraySubscript   Rf_arraySubscript
#define	asChar   Rf_asChar
#define	asCharacterFactor   Rf_asCharacterFactor
#define	asComplex   Rf_asComplex
#define	asInteger   Rf_asInteger
#define	asLogical   Rf_asLogical
#define	asReal   Rf_asReal
#define	asS4   Rf_asS4
#define	classgets   Rf_classgets
#define	coerceVector   Rf_coerceVector
#define	conformable   Rf_conformable
#define	cons   Rf_cons
#define	copyMatrix   Rf_copyMatrix
#define	copyMostAttrib   Rf_copyMostAttrib
#define	copyVector   Rf_copyVector
#define	CreateTag   Rf_CreateTag
#define	defineVar   Rf_defineVar
#define	dimgets   Rf_dimgets
#define	dimnamesgets   Rf_dimnamesgets
#define	DropDims   Rf_DropDims
#define	duplicate   Rf_duplicate
#define	duplicated   Rf_duplicated
#define	elt   Rf_elt
#define	errorcall   Rf_errorcall
#define	eval   Rf_eval
#define	findFun   Rf_findFun
#define	findVar   Rf_findVar
#define	findVarInFrame   Rf_findVarInFrame
#define	findVarInFrame3   Rf_findVarInFrame3
#define	GetArrayDimnames   Rf_GetArrayDimnames
#define	getAttrib   Rf_getAttrib
#define	getCharCE   Rf_getCharCE
#define	GetColNames   Rf_GetColNames
#define	GetMatrixDimnames   Rf_GetMatrixDimnames
#define	GetOption1   Rf_GetOption1
#define	GetOptionDigits   Rf_GetOptionDigits
#define	GetOptionWidth   Rf_GetOptionWidth
#define	GetOption   Rf_GetOption
#define	GetRowNames   Rf_GetRowNames
#define	gsetVar   Rf_gsetVar
#define	inherits   Rf_inherits
#define	install   Rf_install
#define	isArray   Rf_isArray
#define	isBasicClass   Rf_isBasicClass
#define	isComplex   Rf_isComplex
#define	isEnvironment   Rf_isEnvironment
#define	isExpression   Rf_isExpression
#define	isFactor   Rf_isFactor
#define	isFrame   Rf_isFrame
#define	isFree   Rf_isFree
#define	isFunction   Rf_isFunction
#define	isInteger   Rf_isInteger
#define	isLanguage   Rf_isLanguage
#define	isList   Rf_isList
#define	isLogical   Rf_isLogical
#define	isSymbol   Rf_isSymbol
#define	isMatrix   Rf_isMatrix
#define	isNewList   Rf_isNewList
#define	isNull   Rf_isNull
#define	isNumeric   Rf_isNumeric
#define	isNumber   Rf_isNumber
#define	isObject   Rf_isObject
#define	isOrdered   Rf_isOrdered
#define	isPairList   Rf_isPairList
#define	isPrimitive   Rf_isPrimitive
#define	isReal   Rf_isReal
#define	isS4   Rf_isS4
#define	isString   Rf_isString
#define	isTs   Rf_isTs
#define	isUnordered   Rf_isUnordered
#define	isUnsorted   Rf_isUnsorted
#define	isUserBinop   Rf_isUserBinop
#define	isValidString   Rf_isValidString
#define	isValidStringF   Rf_isValidStringF
#define	isVector   Rf_isVector
#define	isVectorAtomic   Rf_isVectorAtomic
#define	isVectorizable   Rf_isVectorizable
#define	isVectorList   Rf_isVectorList
#define	lang1   Rf_lang1
#define	lang2   Rf_lang2
#define	lang3   Rf_lang3
#define	lang4   Rf_lang4
#define	lang5   Rf_lang5
#define	lang6   Rf_lang6
#define	lastElt   Rf_lastElt
#define	lcons   Rf_lcons
#define	lengthgets   Rf_lengthgets
#define	list1   Rf_list1
#define	list2   Rf_list2
#define	list3   Rf_list3
#define	list4   Rf_list4
#define	list5   Rf_list5
#define	listAppend   Rf_listAppend
#define	match   Rf_match
#define	matchE   Rf_matchE
#define	mkChar   Rf_mkChar
#define	mkCharCE   Rf_mkCharCE
#define	mkCharLen   Rf_mkCharLen
#define	mkCharLenCE   Rf_mkCharLenCE
#define	mkNamed   Rf_mkNamed
#define	mkString   Rf_mkString
#define	namesgets   Rf_namesgets
#define	ncols   Rf_ncols
#define	nlevels   Rf_nlevels
#define	NonNullStringMatch   Rf_NonNullStringMatch
#define	nrows   Rf_nrows
#define	nthcdr   Rf_nthcdr
#define	PairToVectorList   Rf_PairToVectorList
#define	pmatch   Rf_pmatch
#define	psmatch   Rf_psmatch
#define	PrintValue   Rf_PrintValue
#define	protect   Rf_protect
#define	reEnc   Rf_reEnc
#define	rownamesgets   Rf_rownamesgets
#define	S3Class   Rf_S3Class
#define	ScalarComplex   Rf_ScalarComplex
#define	ScalarInteger   Rf_ScalarInteger
#define	ScalarLogical   Rf_ScalarLogical
#define	ScalarReal   Rf_ScalarReal
#define	ScalarString   Rf_ScalarString
#define	ScalarRaw   Rf_ScalarRaw
#define	setAttrib   Rf_setAttrib
#define	setSVector   Rf_setSVector
#define	setVar   Rf_setVar
#define	str2type   Rf_str2type
#define	StringBlank   Rf_StringBlank
#define	substitute   Rf_substitute
#define	translateChar   Rf_translateChar
#define	translateChar0   Rf_translateChar0
#define	translateCharUTF8   Rf_translateCharUTF8
#define	type2char   Rf_type2char
#define	type2str   Rf_type2str
#define	unprotect   Rf_unprotect
#define	unprotect_ptr   Rf_unprotect_ptr
#define	VectorToPairList   Rf_VectorToPairList
#define	warningcall   Rf_warningcall
#define	warningcall_immediate   Rf_warningcall_immediate

Typedefs
typedef void *	R_pstream_data_t
typedef struct R_outpstream_st *	R_outpstream_t
typedef struct R_inpstream_st *	R_inpstream_t

Enumerations
enum	R_pstream_format_t { R_pstream_any_format, R_pstream_ascii_format, R_pstream_binary_format, R_pstream_xdr_format }

Functions
const char *()	R_CHAR (SEXP x)
	Access the content of CXXR::String as a C-style string.
Rboolean()	Rf_isNull (SEXP s)
	Is this the null object pointer?
Rboolean()	Rf_isSymbol (SEXP s)
	Test if SYMSXP.
Rboolean()	Rf_isLogical (SEXP s)
Rboolean()	Rf_isReal (SEXP s)
Rboolean()	Rf_isComplex (SEXP s)
Rboolean()	Rf_isExpression (SEXP s)
Rboolean()	Rf_isEnvironment (SEXP s)
	Is this a CXXR::Environment?
Rboolean()	Rf_isString (SEXP s)
Rboolean()	Rf_isObject (SEXP s)
	Does an object have a class attribute?
SEXP()	ATTRIB (SEXP x)
Rboolean()	OBJECT (SEXP x)
	Does an object have a class attribute?
int()	MARK (SEXP x)
SEXPTYPE()	TYPEOF (SEXP x)
	Get object's SEXPTYPE.
int()	NAMED (SEXP x)
	Get object copying status.
void()	SET_NAMED (SEXP x, int v)
	Set object copying status.
void	SET_ATTRIB (SEXP x, SEXP v)
void	DUPLICATE_ATTRIB (SEXP to, SEXP from)
Rboolean()	IS_S4_OBJECT (SEXP x)
	Is this an S4 object?
void()	SET_S4_OBJECT (SEXP x)
void()	UNSET_S4_OBJECT (SEXP x)
int()	LENGTH (SEXP x)
int()	TRUELENGTH (SEXP x)
void()	SETLENGTH (SEXP x, int v)
void()	SET_TRUELENGTH (SEXP x, int v)
int()	LEVELS (SEXP x)
	(For use only in serialization.)
int()	SETLEVELS (SEXP x, int v)
	(For use only in deserialization.)
int *()	LOGICAL (SEXP x)
int *()	INTEGER (SEXP x)
Rbyte *()	RAW (SEXP x)
double *()	REAL (SEXP x)
Rcomplex *()	COMPLEX (SEXP x)
SEXP()	STRING_ELT (SEXP x, int i)
	Examine element of a CXXR::StringVector.
SEXP()	VECTOR_ELT (SEXP x, int i)
	Examine element of CXXR::ListVector.
void	SET_STRING_ELT (SEXP x, int i, SEXP v)
SEXP	SET_VECTOR_ELT (SEXP x, int i, SEXP v)
SEXP()	TAG (SEXP e)
	Get tag of CXXR::ConsCell.
SEXP()	CAR (SEXP e)
	Get car of CXXR::ConsCell.
SEXP()	CDR (SEXP e)
	Get tail of CXXR::ConsCell.
SEXP()	CAAR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CAR(CAR(e)).
SEXP()	CDAR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CDR(CAR(e)).
SEXP()	CADR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CAR(CDR(e)).
SEXP()	CDDR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CDR(CDR(e)).
SEXP()	CADDR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CAR(CDR(CDR(e))).
SEXP()	CADDDR (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CAR(CDR(CDR(CDR(e)))).
SEXP()	CAD4R (SEXP e)
	Equivalent to CAR(CDR(CDR(CDR(CDR(e))))).
int()	MISSING (SEXP x)
void()	SET_MISSING (SEXP x, int v)
void	SET_TAG (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCAR (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCDR (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCADR (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCADDR (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCADDDR (SEXP x, SEXP y)
SEXP	SETCAD4R (SEXP e, SEXP y)
SEXP()	FORMALS (SEXP x)
	Access formal arguments of a CXXR::Closure.
SEXP()	BODY (SEXP x)
	Access the body of a CXXR::Closure.
SEXP()	CLOENV (SEXP x)
	Access the environment of a CXXR::Closure.
Rboolean()	RDEBUG (SEXP x)
	Query debugging status.
int()	RSTEP (SEXP x)
int()	RTRACE (SEXP x)
	Get function tracing status.
void()	SET_RDEBUG (SEXP x, Rboolean v)
void()	SET_RSTEP (SEXP x, int v)
void()	SET_RTRACE (SEXP x, int v)
	Set function tracing status.
void	SET_CLOENV (SEXP x, SEXP v)
	Replace the environment of a closure.
SEXP()	PRINTNAME (SEXP x)
	Symbol name.
SEXP()	SYMVALUE (SEXP x)
	Symbol's value in the base environment.
SEXP()	INTERNAL (SEXP x)
	Get function accessed via .Internal().
Rboolean()	DDVAL (SEXP x)
	Does symbol relate to a ... expression?
void()	SET_DDVAL (SEXP x, int v)
void	SET_PRINTNAME (SEXP x, SEXP v)
void	SET_SYMVALUE (SEXP x, SEXP v)
	Set symbol's value in the base environment.
void	SET_INTERNAL (SEXP x, SEXP v)
SEXP()	FRAME (SEXP x)
	Access an environment's Frame, represented as a PairList.
SEXP()	ENCLOS (SEXP x)
	Access enclosing environment.
SEXP()	PRCODE (SEXP x)
	Access the expression of a CXXR::Promise.
SEXP()	PRENV (SEXP x)
	Access the environment of a CXXR::Promise.
SEXP()	PRVALUE (SEXP x)
	Access the value of a CXXR::Promise.
void	SET_PRVALUE (SEXP x, SEXP v)
void	SET_PRSEEN (SEXP x, int v)
int()	HASHVALUE (SEXP x)
SEXP	R_GetCurrentSrcref (int)
SEXP	R_GetSrcFilename (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_asChar (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_coerceVector (SEXP, SEXPTYPE)
SEXP	Rf_PairToVectorList (SEXP x)
SEXP	Rf_VectorToPairList (SEXP x)
SEXP	Rf_asCharacterFactor (SEXP x)
int	Rf_asLogical (SEXP x)
int	Rf_asInteger (SEXP x)
double	Rf_asReal (SEXP x)
Rcomplex	Rf_asComplex (SEXP x)
char *	Rf_acopy_string (const char *)
SEXP	Rf_alloc3DArray (SEXPTYPE, int, int, int)
SEXP	Rf_allocArray (SEXPTYPE, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_allocMatrix (SEXPTYPE, int, int)
SEXP	Rf_allocList (unsigned int)
SEXP	Rf_allocS4Object (void)
SEXP	Rf_allocSExp (SEXPTYPE)
SEXP	Rf_allocVector (SEXPTYPE, R_len_t)
int	Rf_any_duplicated (SEXP x, Rboolean from_last)
int	Rf_any_duplicated3 (SEXP x, SEXP incomp, Rboolean from_last)
SEXP	Rf_arraySubscript (int, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP(*)(SEXP, SEXP), SEXP(*)(SEXP, int), SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_classgets (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_cons (SEXP, SEXP)
void	Rf_copyMatrix (SEXP, SEXP, Rboolean)
void	Rf_copyMostAttrib (SEXP, SEXP)
void	Rf_copyVector (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_CreateTag (SEXP)
void	Rf_defineVar (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_dimgets (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_dimnamesgets (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_DropDims (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_duplicate (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_duplicated (SEXP, Rboolean)
SEXP	Rf_eval (SEXP, SEXP)
	Evaluate an object in a specified Environment.
SEXP	Rf_findFun (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_findVar (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_findVarInFrame (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_findVarInFrame3 (SEXP, SEXP, Rboolean)
SEXP	Rf_getAttrib (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_GetArrayDimnames (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_GetColNames (SEXP)
void	Rf_GetMatrixDimnames (SEXP, SEXP *, SEXP *, const char **, const char **)
SEXP	Rf_GetOption (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_GetOption1 (SEXP)
int	Rf_GetOptionDigits (void)
int	Rf_GetOptionWidth (void)
SEXP	Rf_GetRowNames (SEXP)
void	Rf_gsetVar (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_install (const char *)
	Get a pointer to a regular Symbol object.
Rboolean	Rf_isFree (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isOrdered (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isUnordered (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isUnsorted (SEXP, Rboolean)
SEXP	Rf_lengthgets (SEXP, R_len_t)
SEXP	R_lsInternal (SEXP, Rboolean)
SEXP	Rf_match (SEXP, SEXP, int)
SEXP	Rf_matchE (SEXP, SEXP, int, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_namesgets (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_mkChar (const char *)
	Get a pointer to a cached ASCII string object.
SEXP	Rf_mkCharLen (const char *, int)
	Create a CXXR::UncachedString object for specified text.
Rboolean	Rf_NonNullStringMatch (SEXP, SEXP)
int	Rf_ncols (SEXP)
int	Rf_nrows (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_nthcdr (SEXP, int)
Rboolean	Rf_pmatch (SEXP, SEXP, Rboolean)
Rboolean	Rf_psmatch (const char *, const char *, Rboolean)
void	Rf_PrintValue (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_protect (SEXP)
	Push a node pointer onto the C pointer protection stack.
SEXP	Rf_setAttrib (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
void	Rf_setSVector (SEXP *, int, SEXP)
void	Rf_setVar (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXPTYPE	Rf_str2type (const char *)
Rboolean	Rf_StringBlank (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_substitute (SEXP, SEXP)
const char *	Rf_translateChar (SEXP)
const char *	Rf_translateChar0 (SEXP)
const char *	Rf_translateCharUTF8 (SEXP)
const char *	Rf_type2char (SEXPTYPE)
SEXP	Rf_type2str (SEXPTYPE)
void	Rf_unprotect (int)
	Pop cells from the C pointer protection stack.
void	Rf_unprotect_ptr (SEXP)
	Remove entry from pointer protection stack.
void	R_ProtectWithIndex (SEXP, PROTECT_INDEX *)
	Push a node pointer onto the C pointer protection stack.
void	R_Reprotect (SEXP, PROTECT_INDEX)
	Retarget a cell in the C pointer protection stack.
SEXP	R_tryEval (SEXP, SEXP, int *)
SEXP	R_tryEvalSilent (SEXP, SEXP, int *)
const char *	R_curErrorBuf ()
Rboolean	Rf_isS4 (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_asS4 (SEXP, Rboolean, int)
SEXP	Rf_S3Class (SEXP)
int	Rf_isBasicClass (const char *)
cetype_t	Rf_getCharCE (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_mkCharCE (const char *, cetype_t)
	Get a pointer to a cached string object.
SEXP	Rf_mkCharLenCE (const char *, int, cetype_t)
const char *	Rf_reEnc (const char *x, cetype_t ce_in, cetype_t ce_out, int subst)
SEXP	R_MakeExternalPtr (void *p, SEXP tag, SEXP prot)
void *	R_ExternalPtrAddr (SEXP s)
	Get the encapsulated external pointer.
SEXP	R_ExternalPtrTag (SEXP s)
	Get pointer to tag object.
SEXP	R_ExternalPtrProtected (SEXP s)
	Get pointer to protege object.
void	R_ClearExternalPtr (SEXP s)
	Reset the encapsulated pointer to a null pointer.
void	R_SetExternalPtrAddr (SEXP s, void *p)
void	R_SetExternalPtrTag (SEXP s, SEXP tag)
void	R_SetExternalPtrProtected (SEXP s, SEXP p)
void	R_RegisterFinalizer (SEXP s, SEXP fun)
void	R_RegisterCFinalizer (SEXP s, R_CFinalizer_t fun)
void	R_RegisterFinalizerEx (SEXP s, SEXP fun, Rboolean onexit)
void	R_RegisterCFinalizerEx (SEXP s, R_CFinalizer_t fun, Rboolean onexit)
SEXP	R_MakeWeakRef (SEXP key, SEXP val, SEXP fin, Rboolean onexit)
SEXP	R_MakeWeakRefC (SEXP key, SEXP val, R_CFinalizer_t fin, Rboolean onexit)
SEXP	R_WeakRefKey (SEXP w)
SEXP	R_WeakRefValue (SEXP w)
void	R_RunWeakRefFinalizer (SEXP w)
SEXP	R_ClosureExpr (SEXP)
void	R_initialize_bcode (void)
Rboolean	R_ToplevelExec (void(*fun)(void *), void *data)
void	R_RestoreHashCount (SEXP rho)
Rboolean	R_IsPackageEnv (SEXP rho)
SEXP	R_PackageEnvName (SEXP rho)
SEXP	R_FindPackageEnv (SEXP info)
Rboolean	R_IsNamespaceEnv (SEXP rho)
SEXP	R_NamespaceEnvSpec (SEXP rho)
SEXP	R_FindNamespace (SEXP info)
void	R_LockEnvironment (SEXP env, Rboolean bindings)
Rboolean	R_EnvironmentIsLocked (SEXP env)
void	R_LockBinding (SEXP sym, SEXP env)
void	R_unLockBinding (SEXP sym, SEXP env)
void	R_MakeActiveBinding (SEXP sym, SEXP fun, SEXP env)
Rboolean	R_BindingIsLocked (SEXP sym, SEXP env)
Rboolean	R_BindingIsActive (SEXP sym, SEXP env)
Rboolean	R_HasFancyBindings (SEXP rho)
void	Rf_errorcall (SEXP, const char *,...)
void	Rf_warningcall (SEXP, const char *,...)
void	Rf_warningcall_immediate (SEXP, const char *,...)
void	R_XDREncodeDouble (double d, void *buf)
double	R_XDRDecodeDouble (void *buf)
void	R_XDREncodeInteger (int i, void *buf)
int	R_XDRDecodeInteger (void *buf)
void	R_InitInPStream (R_inpstream_t stream, R_pstream_data_t data, R_pstream_format_t type, int(*inchar)(R_inpstream_t), void(*inbytes)(R_inpstream_t, void *, int), SEXP(*phook)(SEXP, SEXP), SEXP pdata)
void	R_InitOutPStream (R_outpstream_t stream, R_pstream_data_t data, R_pstream_format_t type, int version, void(*outchar)(R_outpstream_t, int), void(*outbytes)(R_outpstream_t, const void *, int), SEXP(*phook)(SEXP, SEXP), SEXP pdata)
void	R_InitFileInPStream (R_inpstream_t stream, FILE *fp, R_pstream_format_t type, SEXP(*phook)(SEXP, SEXP), SEXP pdata)
void	R_InitFileOutPStream (R_outpstream_t stream, FILE *fp, R_pstream_format_t type, int version, SEXP(*phook)(SEXP, SEXP), SEXP pdata)
void	R_Serialize (SEXP s, R_outpstream_t ops)
SEXP	R_Unserialize (R_inpstream_t ips)
SEXP	R_do_slot (SEXP obj, SEXP name)
SEXP	R_do_slot_assign (SEXP obj, SEXP name, SEXP value)
int	R_has_slot (SEXP obj, SEXP name)
SEXP	R_do_MAKE_CLASS (const char *what)
SEXP	R_getClassDef (const char *what)
SEXP	R_do_new_object (SEXP class_def)
int	R_check_class_and_super (SEXP x, const char **valid, SEXP rho)
int	R_check_class_etc (SEXP x, const char **valid)
void	R_PreserveObject (SEXP)
void	R_ReleaseObject (SEXP)
void	R_dot_Last (void)
void	R_RunExitFinalizers (void)
int	R_system (const char *)
Rboolean	R_compute_identical (SEXP, SEXP, int)
Rboolean	Rf_conformable (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_elt (SEXP, int)
Rboolean	Rf_inherits (SEXP, const char *)
Rboolean	Rf_isArray (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isFactor (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isFrame (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isFunction (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isInteger (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isLanguage (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isList (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isMatrix (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isNewList (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isNumber (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isNumeric (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isPairList (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isPrimitive (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isTs (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isUserBinop (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isValidString (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isValidStringF (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isVector (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isVectorAtomic (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isVectorList (SEXP)
Rboolean	Rf_isVectorizable (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang1 (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang2 (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang3 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang4 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang5 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lang6 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lastElt (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_lcons (SEXP, SEXP)
R_len_t	Rf_length (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_list1 (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_list2 (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_list3 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_list4 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_list5 (SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_listAppend (SEXP, SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_mkNamed (SEXPTYPE, const char **)
SEXP	Rf_mkString (const char *)
int	Rf_nlevels (SEXP)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarComplex (Rcomplex)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarInteger (int)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarLogical (int)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarRaw (Rbyte)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarReal (double)
SEXP	Rf_ScalarString (SEXP)
R_len_t	CXXR::length (RObject *s)
	Shorthand for Rf_length().

Variables
LibExtern SEXP	R_GlobalEnv
LibExtern SEXP	R_EmptyEnv
LibExtern SEXP	R_BaseEnv
LibExtern SEXP	R_BaseNamespace
LibExtern SEXP	R_NamespaceRegistry
LibExtern SEXP	R_Srcref
LibExtern SEXP	R_UnboundValue
LibExtern SEXP	R_MissingArg
LibExtern SEXP	R_Bracket2Symbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_BracketSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_BraceSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_ClassSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DeviceSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DimNamesSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DimSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DollarSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DotsSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_DropSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_LastvalueSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_LevelsSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_ModeSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_NameSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_NamesSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_NaRmSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_PackageSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_QuoteSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_RowNamesSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_SeedsSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_SourceSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_TspSymbol
LibExtern SEXP	R_dot_defined
LibExtern SEXP	R_dot_Method
LibExtern SEXP	R_dot_target
LibExtern SEXP	R_NaString
LibExtern SEXP	R_BlankString

---

Detailed Description

(As described in 'Writing R Extensions'.)

As CXXR development proceeds, the type definitions, function prototypes etc. defined in this header file will be progressively factored out into individual class-related header files, which will be #included back into this 'master' header file. CXXR code should use the class-related header files directly, as required, rather than #includeing this file.

In most cases, function prototypes and extern declarations that have been factored out into CXXR's own header files are nevertheless also retained in this file. This is so that any changes to these declarations that appear in a new release of CR are picked up automatically during the 'svn merge' process. The compiler will then detect any inconsistencies between the new declaration in this file and the 'factored-out' declaration.

---

Function Documentation

SEXP() BODY ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the body of a CXXR::Closure.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Closure object (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the body of x.

SEXP() CAR ( SEXP  e )

inline

Get car of CXXR::ConsCell.

Parameters:

e	Pointer to a CXXR::ConsCell (checked), or a null pointer.

Returns:

Pointer to the value of the list car, or 0 if e is a null pointer.

SEXP() CDR ( SEXP  e )

inline

Get tail of CXXR::ConsCell.

Parameters:

e	Pointer to a CXXR::ConsCell (checked), or a null pointer.

Returns:

Pointer to the tail of the list, or 0 if e is a null pointer.

SEXP() CLOENV ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the environment of a CXXR::Closure.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Closure object (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the environment of x.

Rcomplex*() COMPLEX ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::ComplexVector (i.e. an R complex vector). An error is generated if x is not a non-null pointer to a CXXR::ComplexVector .

Returns:

Pointer to element 0 of x .

Rboolean() DDVAL ( SEXP  x )

inline

Does symbol relate to a ... expression?

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Symbol (checked).

Returns:

TRUE iff this symbol denotes an element of a ... expression.

SEXP() ENCLOS ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access enclosing environment.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Environment (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the enclosing environment of x .

SEXP() FORMALS ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access formal arguments of a CXXR::Closure.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Closure object (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the formal argument list of x.

SEXP() FRAME ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access an environment's Frame, represented as a PairList.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Environment (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to a PairList representing the contents of the Frame of x (may be null). This PairList is generated on the fly, so this is a relatively expensive operation. Alterations to the returned PairList will not alter the Environment's Frame.

Note:

Beware that since (unlike CR) this isn't a simple accessor function, its return value will need protection from garbage collection.

int*() INTEGER ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to an IntVector or a LogicalVector (i.e. an R integer or logical vector). An error is generated if x is not a non-null pointer to an IntVector or a LogicalVector .

Returns:

Pointer to element 0 of x .

SEXP() INTERNAL ( SEXP  x )

inline

Get function accessed via .Internal().

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Symbol (checked).

Returns:

If x is associated with a function invoked in R via .Internal(), then a pointer to the appropriate CXXR::BuiltInFunction, otherwise a null pointer.

Rboolean() IS_S4_OBJECT ( SEXP  x )

inline

Is this an S4 object?

Parameters:

x	Pointer to CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

true iff x is an S4 object. Returns false if x is 0.

int() LENGTH ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to an CXXR::VectorBase .

Returns:

The length of x, or 0 if x is a null pointer. (In the case of certain hash tables, this means the 'capacity' of x , not all of which may be used.)

int*() LOGICAL ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::LogicalVector (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to element 0 of x .

int() NAMED ( SEXP  x )

inline

Get object copying status.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

Refer to 'R Internals' document. Returns 0 if x is a null pointer.

Rboolean() OBJECT ( SEXP  x )

inline

Does an object have a class attribute?

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

true iff x has a class attribute. Returns false if x is 0.

SEXP() PRCODE ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the expression of a CXXR::Promise.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Promise (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the expression to be evaluated by the CXXR::Promise.

SEXP() PRENV ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the environment of a CXXR::Promise.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Promise (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the environment in which the CXXR::Promise is to be evaluated. Set to a null pointer when the CXXR::Promise has been evaluated.

SEXP() PRINTNAME ( SEXP  x )

inline

Symbol name.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Symbol (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to a CXXR::String representing x's name.

SEXP() PRVALUE ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the value of a CXXR::Promise.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Promise (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to the value of the CXXR::Promise, or to R_UnboundValue if it has not yet been evaluated..

const char*() R_CHAR ( SEXP  x )

inline

Access the content of CXXR::String as a C-style string.

Parameters:

x	non-null pointer to a CXXR::String .

Returns:

const pointer to character 0 of x .

void R_ClearExternalPtr ( SEXP  s )

inline

Reset the encapsulated pointer to a null pointer.

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::ExternalPointer (checked).

void* R_ExternalPtrAddr ( SEXP  s )

inline

Get the encapsulated external pointer.

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::ExternalPointer (checked).

Returns:

the external pointer encapsulated by s.

SEXP R_ExternalPtrProtected ( SEXP  s )

inline

Get pointer to protege object.

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::ExternalPointer (checked).

Returns:

a pointer to the protege object of s.

SEXP R_ExternalPtrTag ( SEXP  s )

inline

Get pointer to tag object.

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::ExternalPointer (checked).

Returns:

a pointer to the tag object of s.

void R_ProtectWithIndex ( SEXP  node, PROTECT_INDEX *  iptr  )

inline

Push a node pointer onto the C pointer protection stack.

Push a node pointer onto the C pointer protection stack, and record the index of the resulting stack cell (for subsequent use with R_Reprotect).

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node to be protected from the garbage collector.
iptr	Pointer to a location in which the stack cell index is to be stored.

void R_Reprotect ( SEXP  node, PROTECT_INDEX  index  )

inline

Retarget a cell in the C pointer protection stack.

Change the node that a particular cell in the C pointer protection stack protects. As a consistency check, it is required that the reprotect takes place within the same Context as the original protect. (CR does not apply this check.)

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node now to be protected from the garbage collector by the designated stack cell. (Not necessarily a different node from the one currently protected.)
index	Index (as returned by R_ProtectWithIndex() ) of the stack cell to be retargeted to node. Must be less than the current size of the C pointer protection stack.

Change the node that a particular cell in the C pointer protection stack protects. As a consistency check, it is required that the reprotect takes place within the same ProtectStack::Scope as the original protect.

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node now to be protected from the garbage collector by the designated stack cell. (Not necessarily a different node from the one currently protected.)
index	Index (as returned by R_ProtectWithIndex() ) of the stack cell to be retargeted to node. Must be less than the current size of the C pointer protection stack.

Rbyte*() RAW ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::RawVector (i.e. a RAWSXP). An error is generated if x is not a non-null pointer to a CXXR::RawVector .

Returns:

Pointer to element 0 of x .

Rboolean() RDEBUG ( SEXP  x )

inline

Query debugging status.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Closure object.

Returns:

true if debugging is set, i.e. evaluations of the function should run under the browser.

Note:

In CXXR, RDEBUG() is applicable only to closures; use ENV_DEBUG() to query the debugging (single-stepping) state for environments.

double*() REAL ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to an RealVector (i.e. an R numeric vector). An error is generated if x is not pointer to an RealVector .

Returns:

Pointer to element 0 of x .

SEXP Rf_eval ( SEXP  e, SEXP  rho  )

inline

Evaluate an object in a specified Environment.

Parameters:

e	Pointer (possibly null) to the object to be evaluated.
rho	Pointer to an Environment (checked unless e is null).

Returns:

Pointer to the result of evaluating e in rho, or a null pointer if e is null.

SEXP Rf_install ( const char *  name )

inline

Get a pointer to a regular Symbol object.

If no Symbol with the specified name currently exists, one will be created, and a pointer to it returned. Otherwise a pointer to the existing Symbol will be returned.

Parameters:

name	The name of the required Symbol (CE_NATIVE encoding is assumed).

Returns:

Pointer to a Symbol (preexisting or newly created) with the required name.

Rboolean() Rf_isComplex ( SEXP  s )

inline

Parameters:

s	Pointer to an RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the RObject pointed to by s is a complex vector.

Rboolean() Rf_isEnvironment ( SEXP  s )

inline

Is this a CXXR::Environment?

Parameters:

s	Pointer to an RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the RObject pointed to by s is an environment.

Rboolean() Rf_isExpression ( SEXP  s )

inline

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the CXXR::RObject pointed to by s is an expression.

Rboolean() Rf_isLogical ( SEXP  s )

inline

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the CXXR::RObject pointed to by s is a logical vector.

Rboolean() Rf_isNull ( SEXP  s )

inline

Is this the null object pointer?

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the CXXR::RObject pointed to by s is either a null pointer (i.e. == R_NilValue in CXXR), or is a CXXR::RObject with SEXPTYPE NILSXP (should not happen in CXXR).

Rboolean() Rf_isObject ( SEXP  s )

inline

Does an object have a class attribute?

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the CXXR::RObject pointed to by s has a class attribute.

Rboolean() Rf_isReal ( SEXP  s )

inline

Parameters:

s	Pointer to an RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the RObject pointed to by s is a real vector.

Rboolean() Rf_isString ( SEXP  s )

inline

Parameters:

s	Pointer to an RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff the RObject pointed to by s is a vector of strings.

Rboolean() Rf_isSymbol ( SEXP  s )

inline

Test if SYMSXP.

Parameters:

s	Pointer to a CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

TRUE iff s points to a CXXR::RObject with SEXPTYPE SYMSXP.

SEXP Rf_mkChar ( const char *  str )

inline

Get a pointer to a cached ASCII string object.

If no cached string with the specified text currently exists, one will be created. Otherwise a pointer to the existing cached string will be returned.

Parameters:

str	The text of the required cached string.

Returns:

Pointer to a string object representing the specified text.

Get a pointer to a cached ASCII string object.

CE_NATIVE encoding is assumed. If no CXXR::String with the specified text and encoding currently exists, one will be created. Otherwise a pointer to the existing CXXR::String will be returned.

Parameters:

str	The null-terminated text of the required string.

Returns:

Pointer to a string object representing the specified text.

SEXP Rf_mkCharCE ( const char *  str, cetype_t  encoding  )

inline

Get a pointer to a cached string object.

If no cached string with the specified text and encoding currently exists, one will be created. Otherwise a pointer to the existing cached string will be returned.

Parameters:

str	The text of the required cached string.
encoding	The encoding of the required CachedString. Only CE_NATIVE, CE_UTF8 or CE_LATIN1 are permitted in this context (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to a string object representing the specified text in the specified encoding.

Get a pointer to a cached string object.

If no CXXR::String with the specified text and encoding currently exists, one will be created. Otherwise a pointer to the existing CXXR::String will be returned.

Parameters:

str	The null-terminated text of the required cached string.
encoding	The encoding of the required String. Only CE_NATIVE, CE_UTF8 or CE_LATIN1 are permitted in this context (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to a string object representing the specified text in the specified encoding.

SEXP Rf_mkCharLen ( const char *  text, int  length  )

inline

Create a CXXR::UncachedString object for specified text.

Parameters:

text	The text of the string to be created, possibly including embedded null characters. The encoding is assumed to be CE_NATIVE.
length	The length of the string pointed to by text. Must be nonnegative. The created string will comprise the text plus an appended null byte.

Returns:

Pointer to the created string.

Create a CXXR::UncachedString object for specified text.

CE_NATIVE encoding is assumed. If no CXXR::String with the specified text and encoding currently exists, one will be created. Otherwise a pointer to the existing CXXR::String will be returned.

Parameters:

text	The text of the string to be created, possibly including embedded null characters. The encoding is assumed to be CE_NATIVE.
length	The length of the string pointed to by text. Must be nonnegative. The created string will comprise the text plus an appended null byte.

Returns:

Pointer to the created string.

SEXP Rf_protect ( SEXP  node )

inline

Push a node pointer onto the C pointer protection stack.

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node to be protected from the garbage collector.

Returns:

a copy of node .

void Rf_unprotect ( int  count )

inline

Pop cells from the C pointer protection stack.

As a consistency check, it is required that the unprotect takes place within the same Context as the corresponding protect. (CR does not apply this check.)

Parameters:

count

Number of cells to be popped. Must not be larger than the current size of the C pointer protection stack.

As a consistency check, it is required that the unprotect takes place within the same ProtectStack::Scope as the corresponding protects.

Parameters:

count

Number of cells to be popped. Must not be larger than the current size of the C pointer protection stack.

void Rf_unprotect_ptr ( SEXP  node )

inline

Remove entry from pointer protection stack.

Removes from the C pointer protection stack the uppermost stack cell containing a pointer to a specified node, and drops all the stack cells above it by one place.

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node whose cell is to be removed from the C pointer protection stack.

Deprecated:

Utterly.

Removes from the C pointer protection stack the uppermost stack cell containing a pointer to a specified node, and drops all the stack cells above it by one place.

Parameters:

node	Pointer to the node whose cell is to be removed from the C pointer protection stack.

Deprecated:

Utterly.

int() RTRACE ( SEXP  x )

inline

Get function tracing status.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::FunctionBase (checked), or a null pointer.

Returns:

Refer to 'R Internals' document. Returns 0 if x is a null pointer.

void SET_CLOENV ( SEXP  x, SEXP  v  )

inline

Replace the environment of a closure.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Closure object (checked).
v	Pointer to the environment now to be considered as the environment of this CXXR::Closure. A null pointer is not permissible (not checked).

void() SET_NAMED ( SEXP  x, int  v  )

inline

Set object copying status.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to CXXR::RObject. The function does nothing if x is a null pointer.
v	Refer to 'R Internals' document.

Deprecated:

Ought to be private.

void() SET_RDEBUG ( SEXP  x, Rboolean  v  )

inline

Set the debugging state of a CXXR::Closure object.

Parameters:

x	Pointer a CXXR::Closure object (checked).
v	The new debugging state.

Note:

In CXXR, SET_RDEBUG() is applicable only to closures; use SET_ENV_DEBUG() to set the debugging (single-stepping) state for environments.

void() SET_RTRACE ( SEXP  x, int  v  )

inline

Set function tracing status.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::FunctionBase (checked), or a null pointer.
v	The desired tracing status: non-zero if tracing is required.

void() SET_S4_OBJECT ( SEXP  x )

inline

Deprecated:

Ought to be private.

void SET_SYMVALUE ( SEXP  x, SEXP  val  )

inline

Set symbol's value in the base environment.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Symbol (checked).
val	Pointer to the RObject now to be considered as the value of this symbol. A null pointer or R_UnboundValue are permissible values of val.

Todo:

No binding to R_UnboundValue ought to be created.

void() SET_TRUELENGTH ( SEXP  x, int  v  )

inline

Set 'true length' of vector.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::VectorBase .
v	The required new 'true length'.

Deprecated:

May be withdrawn in the future.

SEXP() STRING_ELT ( SEXP  x, int  i  )

inline

Examine element of a CXXR::StringVector.

Parameters:

x	Non-null pointer to a CXXR::StringVector. An error is raised if x is not a pointer to a CXXR::StringVector.
i	Index of the required element. There is no bounds checking.

Returns:

Pointer to extracted i 'th element.

SEXP() SYMVALUE ( SEXP  x )

inline

Symbol's value in the base environment.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::Symbol (checked).

Returns:

Pointer to a CXXR::RObject representings x's value. Returns R_UnboundValue if no value is currently associated with the Symbol.

SEXP() TAG ( SEXP  e )

inline

Get tag of CXXR::ConsCell.

Parameters:

e	Pointer to a CXXR::ConsCell (checked), or a null pointer.

Returns:

Pointer to the tag of the list element, or 0 if e is a null pointer.

int() TRUELENGTH ( SEXP  x )

inline

Parameters:

x	Pointer to a CXXR::VectorBase .

Returns:

The 'true length' of x. According to the R Internals document for R 2.4.1, this is only used for certain hash tables, and signifies the number of used slots in the table.

Deprecated:

May be withdrawn in the future.

SEXPTYPE() TYPEOF ( SEXP  x )

inline

Get object's SEXPTYPE.

Parameters:

x	Pointer to CXXR::RObject.

Returns:

SEXPTYPE of x, or NILSXP if x is a null pointer.

void() UNSET_S4_OBJECT ( SEXP  x )

inline

Deprecated:

Ought to be private.

SEXP() VECTOR_ELT ( SEXP  x, int  i  )

inline

Examine element of CXXR::ListVector.

Parameters:

x	Non-null pointer to a CXXR::ListVector .
i	Index of the required element. There is no bounds checking.

Returns:

The value of the i 'th element.